#Turkey is located at the crossroads of Asia and Europe. It is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest, the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan, and Iran to the east, Iraq to the southeast, Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. Area: 783,562 square kilometers. Topography: Includes the Taurus Mountains in the south, the Pontic Mountains in the north, fertile plains like the Anatolian Plain, and the Central Anatolian Plateau, along with lakes such as Lake Van. Water Bodies: Borders four major seas: the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. 🌐 2. Climate: Coastal Areas: Mediterranean and Aegean Coasts: Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Black Sea Coast: Moderate and humid climate year-round. Inland Regions: Continental climate with hot, dry summers and very cold, snowy winters. Climate Change: Turkey faces challenges like drought and rising temperatures due to climate change. 🌐 3. Population: Population Size: Approximately 84.5 million (2021). Population Distribution: Istanbul is the largest city with over 15.5 million residents. Ankara is the second largest, followed by Izmir, Bursa, and Antalya. Ethnic Diversity: Predominantly Turks, with a significant Kurdish minority, and smaller Armenian, Arab, and Greek communities. Population Growth: About 1.2% annually. 🌐 4. Economy: GDP: Approximately $7.209 trillion in 2021. Exports: Includes agricultural products, automobiles, textiles, and electronics, valued at $225 billion. Imports: Mainly energy and raw materials, totaling $271 billion. Unemployment Rate: Around 10.3%. Agriculture and Industry: Notable for wheat, hazelnuts, and olives, as well as being a leading producer of automobiles and steel. 🌐 5. Currency: The official currency is the Turkish Lira (TRY), which experiences fluctuations in value against foreign currencies. 🌐 6. Tourism: Visitor Numbers: Turkey welcomed around 30 million tourists in 2021. Revenue: Approximately $24.5 billion. Top Destinations: Istanbul: Iconic landmarks like Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, and Topkapi Palace. Antalya: A hub for coastal tourism. Cappadocia: Known for its unique landscapes and hot air balloons. Historical Sites: Ephesus and Troy. 🌐 7. History: Civilizations: Turkey has been home to various civilizations, including the Hittites, Persians, Romans, and Byzantines. Ottoman Era: Spanned from the 14th century to the early 20th century. Modern Republic: Established in 1923 under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who moved the capital to Ankara and initiated widespread reforms. 🌐 8. Education: Education System: Mandatory for 12 years (6 years primary, 3 years middle, 3 years secondary). Higher Education: Home to numerous universities, including Istanbul University and Middle East Technical University. Literacy Rate: Approximately 96%. 🌐 9. Healthcare: Healthcare System: Turkey has a well-developed healthcare system encompassing public and private sectors. Medical Tourism: A popular destination for medical and cosmetic treatments, attracting thousands of patients annually. Hospitals: Equipped with state-of-the-art medical technology. 🌐 10. Culture: Official Language: Turkish. Religion: Islam is the predominant religion, with Christian and Jewish minorities. Traditions: A blend of Eastern and Western cultural influences. Turkey serves as a bridge between East and West, with a rich history and modern development.

Turkey: The Golden Bridge Between East and West 1. 🗺️📏 Location & Area Turkey spans both Asia and Europe, with a total area of approximately 783,562 km², making it one of the largest countries in the region. 2. 🇹🇷🏞️ Land of Geographical Diversity From Mediterranean coastlines to Anatolian mountains, Turkey offers rich landscapes and diverse cultures. 3. 🕌🏛️ Ottoman Heritage & Modern Civilization With deep roots in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey is filled with historic landmarks like Hagia Sophia and Topkapi Palace. 4. 👥📊 Population Turkey has about 85 million people, mainly concentrated in Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir. 5. 💹🏗️ A Vibrant and Growing Economy Its economy is based on industry, tourism, and agriculture, and is considered one of the world’s leading emerging markets. 6. ✈️🚅 A Regional Transport Hub Turkey acts as a key transport link between Europe and Asia, with modern airways and high-speed rail networks. 7. 🕌🧕 A Unique Cultural Identity It blends modernity with Islamic traditions, offering a mix of cuisines, arts, and customs from both East and West. 8. ⚽🎭 Sports & Entertainment Football is the most popular sport, with iconic clubs like Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe based in Istanbul. 9. 🧠🎓 Advanced Education & Top Universities Turkey attracts international students, especially in fields like medicine, engineering, and political science. #Turkey #Istanbul #Anatolia

#Turkey 🇹🇷 is a country located at the crossroads of *two continents*, *Asia* and *Europe*, giving it a unique strategic position. Turkey is rich in culture and history, being home to many ancient civilizations, including the *Ottoman Empire* and the *Byzantine Empire*. It is known for its diverse geography, including beautiful *beaches*, towering *mountains*, and amazing archaeological sites. Turkey is also one of the world's major tourist destinations. 25 Facts About Turkey: 🌐 *1. Geographic Location* Turkey is located at the crossroads of *Asia* and *Europe*. 🌐 *2. Capital* The capital is *Ankara*, while *Istanbul* is the largest and most famous city. 🌐 *3. Area* Turkey covers an area of about *783,356 km²*, making it one of the largest countries in the world. 🌐 *4. Population* Turkey's population is approximately *85 million people* in 2024. 🌐 *5. Official Language* The official language is *Turkish*. 🌐 *6. Religion* The primary religion in Turkey is *Islam*, with the majority being *Sunni Muslims*. 🌐 *7. Government* Turkey is a *democratic republic* with a *presidential system*. 🌐 *8. Currency* The official currency is the *Turkish Lira (TRY)*. 🌐 *9. Climate*Turkey has a diverse climate: a *Mediterranean climate* on the coast and a *continental climate* in the inland areas. 🌐 *10. Terrain* Turkey has varied terrain, including *mountains*, *plains*, and *rivers*. 🌐 *11. Highest Peak* The highest peak in Turkey is *Mount Ararat* (Ağrı Dağı), with an elevation of *5,137 meters*. 🌐 *12. Tourism* Turkey is one of the most popular tourist destinations, attracting about *40 million tourists annually*. 🌐 *13. Tourist Attractions* Turkey has many famous tourist sites, such as *Hagia Sophia* in *Istanbul*, the *Bodrum Mausoleum*, and *Cappadocia*. 🌐 *14. Long History* Turkey is home to ancient civilizations such as the *Ottoman Empire*, the *Byzantine Empire*, the *Greeks*, and the *Romans*. 🌐 *15. Historical Significance* The city of *Istanbul* was the capital of both the *Byzantine Empire* and the *Ottoman Empire*. 🌐 *16. Turkish Cuisine* Turkish cuisine is world-famous, with dishes like *kebab*, *hummus*, *baklava*, and *meze*. 🌐 *17. Sports* *Football* is the most popular sport in Turkey, along with *basketball* and *water sports*. 🌐 *18. Turkish Culture* Turkey is a blend of *Eastern and Western* influences, reflecting its rich cultural heritage. 🌐 *19. Education*Turkey has a strong educational system, with well-known universities like *Boğaziçi University* and *Istanbul University*. 🌐 *20. Renewable Energy* Turkey is investing in *renewable energy*, particularly in *solar* and *wind power*. 🌐 *21. Trade and Industry* Turkey is a major commercial hub, exporting products such as *textiles*, *machinery*, and *agricultural products*. 🌐 *22. Islamic Culture* Turkey has a rich Islamic history, with many famous *mosques* like the *Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque)*. 🌐 *23. Turkish Arts* Turkey is known for its arts, including *calligraphy*, *Islamic decoration*, and *traditional dances*. 🌐 *24. Space and Astronomy* Turkey is developing its own space program and aims to reach space in the coming years. 🌐 *25. Politics* Turkey is a member of *NATO* and the *G20*, playing a key role in global politics. Turkey is a country with a *long history* and *rich culture*, blending *ancient traditions* with modern developments, making it an exciting destination for tourists and investors alike. C: Geographic

Islamic World The Islamic world refers to countries and regions where Islam is dominant, influencing various aspects of life, including culture, politics, law, and education. It is not just limited to the Middle East; it spans Africa, Asia, and Europe. Critical Aspects of the Islamic World: 1. Geographical Spread: Middle East and North Africa (MENA): The heartland of Islam, including countries like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran, and Turkey. South Asia: Countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan, where Islam plays a central role. Southeast Asia: Indonesia, the world's most populous Muslim-majority country, Malaysia, and Brunei. Sub-Saharan Africa: Countries like Nigeria, Sudan, and Somalia have significant Muslim populations. Europe: There are significant Muslim communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, and growing populations in Western Europe due to migration. 2. Cultural and Religious Practices: Religious Practices: The Five Pillars of Islam (Shahada, Salah, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj) are central to Islamic life. Islamic Law (Sharia): In many Muslim-majority countries, Sharia law influences or directly governs legal systems, covering everything from criminal law to personal status issues like marriage and inheritance. Language: Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam, but other languages, such as Persian, Turkish, Urdu, and Malay, are widely spoken in the Islamic world. 3. Historical Contributions: The Golden Age of Islam (8th to 14th century) was a period of significant advancements in science, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy, with learning centres in cities like Baghdad, Cairo, and Cordoba. Architecture: Islamic architecture is renowned for its mosques, madrasas (schools), and palaces, featuring minarets, domes, and intricate geometric designs. 4. Modern-Day Dynamics: Political Landscape: The Islamic world includes various governance systems, from monarchies in the Gulf States to republics in Iran and Turkey. Political Islam and movements like the Muslim Brotherhood have had significant influence in some regions. Economic Power: The Islamic world includes some of the world's largest oil producers, like Saudi Arabia and Iran, which play a critical role in global energy markets. Social Issues: The Islamic world faces diverse social challenges, from modernisation and globalisation to debates over women's rights, democracy, and the role of religion in the state. 5. Global Influence: Diaspora: Significant Muslim communities in Europe, North America, and other parts of the world contribute to the global influence of Islam. Interfaith Relations: Islam is one of the world's major religions, with interfaith dialogue becoming increasingly important in promoting understanding and cooperation between different religious communities. The Islamic world is diverse and complex, with a rich history and significant impact on global culture, politics, and economics.

Do you know !! The world's first University was founded in Africa (Morocco🇲🇦) by a woman? Fatima bint Muhammad Al-Fihriya Al-Qurashiya (فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية‎) founded the world’s first university in 895 CE in Fez, which is now in Morocco🇲🇦. She is more usually known simply as Fatima al-Fihri. She established the University of Al Qarawiynn using her share of her father's wealth she inherited with her sister. The university started as a large mosque and later grew into a place of education. © African Voice

Nine countries have paused funding for the UN relief agency for Palestinians (UNRWA) following Israeli allegations that some of its staff were involved in Hamas’s October 7 attacks. The US, Britain, Germany, Japan, Australia, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Finland have halted funding to the aid agency, a critical source of humanitarian support for over a million displaced people in Palestine’s besieged Gaza suffering from a lack of food, water, medicine and adequate shelter due to Israel’s relentless strikes and ongoing blockade. UNRWA addressed the allegations by stating that it had fired several employees over the accusations, promising a thorough investigation into Israel’s claims. The Palestinian Foreign Ministry denounced the decision of the key donor countries, calling it a “collective punishment” of the Palestinian people that revealed “miserable double standards”. Encouraging more donor suspensions, Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz said UNRWA should be replaced once fighting in the enclave dies down and accused it of having ties with the Palestinian resistance group Hamas in Gaza. Amid Israel’s ongoing war on Gaza, UNRWA has played a key role in providing aid and shelter to displaced Palestinians through its 700 schools across the enclave. UNRWA was initially set up to help refugees of the 1948 Nakba, when over 700,000 Palestinians were violently expelled from their homes during the founding of the State of Israel, and now employs tens of thousands of people, providing education, health and aid services to Palestinians in Gaza, the occupied West Bank, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.

DID YOU KNOW? The world's first University was founded in Africa (Morocco🇲🇦) by a woman? Fatima bint Muhammad Al-Fihriya Al-Qurashiya (فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية‎) founded the world’s first university in 895 CE in Fez, which is now in Morocco🇲🇦 She is more usually known simply as Fatima al-Fihri. She established the University of Al Qarawiynn using her share of her father's wealth she inherited with her sister. The university started as a large mosque and later grew into a place of education.

Mostar Bosnia Mostar, a city in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, boasts a rich and complex history, shaped by diverse cultural influences and enduring through numerous periods of conflict and upheaval. Nestled along the Neretva River, Mostar has served as a crossroads for civilizations, fostering a unique blend of traditions and customs. Early Beginnings and Roman Rule The origins of Mostar can be traced back to the ancient Illyrian tribe of the Daorsi, who established a settlement in the area around the 6th century BC. Later, the Romans conquered the region, incorporating it into their vast empire. Roman rule brought with it infrastructure development, including the construction of roads and bridges, laying the foundation for Mostar's future importance as a transportation hub. Ottoman Era and Cultural Flourishing Under Ottoman rule, the city flourished as a commercial and cultural center, attracting people from diverse backgrounds. The construction of the iconic Stari Most (Old Bridge) in 1566 further cemented Mostar's position as a major trading post along the caravan routes. Austro-Hungarian Administration and Modernization In 1878, the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina brought about modernization efforts in Mostar, with the introduction of Western-style architecture, infrastructure development, and educational reforms. However, the city also experienced increased ethnic and religious tensions. World War I and Yugoslavia The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 triggered the outbreak of World War I, plunging Mostar into a period of instability. The city changed hands between various armies during the war, suffering significant damage and displacement of its population. After the war, Mostar became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, a period of relative stability and economic growth. The city continued to attract immigrants from various parts of Yugoslavia, further diversifying its cultural landscape. Siege of Mostar and the Bosnian War The collapse of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s unleashed a series of ethnic conflicts, including the Bosnian War. Mostar endured a brutal siege from 1992 to 1995. The city was divided along ethnic lines, with the Stari Most becoming a symbol of the division and destruction. Despite the hardships, the people of Mostar demonstrated remarkable resilience, preserving their cultural traditions and maintaining a sense of community amidst the siege. Post-War Reconstruction and Renewal The Dayton Agreement in 1995 brought an end to the Bosnian War, paving the way for reconstruction and reconciliation efforts in Mostar. The iconic Stari Most was painstakingly rebuilt, symbolizing the city's determination to heal and move forward. Today, Mostar stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of its people. The city has made significant strides in rebuilding its infrastructure, revitalizing its economy, and promoting cultural diversity. While the scars of the past remain, Mostar has embraced its role as a beacon of hope and unity in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

SpaceX Starship Second Launch: Image Collection | SpaceX Starbase in Texas FriendsofNASA.org | View full-size images: https://www.friendsofnasa.org/2023/11/spacex-starship-second-launch-image.html | SpaceX: "Starship successfully lifted off under the power of all 33 Raptor engines on the Super Heavy Booster and made it through stage separation." For the second flight test of a fully integrated Starship, SpaceX used a Super Heavy rocket booster to launch a Starship upper stage, from Starbase in Texas, on November 18, 2023, at 8am EST. According to SpaceX, Starship is a fully reusable transportation system, designed to carry both crew and cargo to Earth orbit, the Moon, Mars and beyond. SpaceX’s Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy rocket—collectively referred to as Starship—represent a fully reusable transportation system designed to carry both crew and cargo to Earth orbit, the Moon, Mars and beyond. Starship will be the world’s most powerful launch vehicle ever developed, with the ability to carry up to 150 metric tonnes to Earth orbit reusable, and up to 250 metric tonnes expendable. "Starship is essential to both SpaceX’s plans to deploy its next-generation Starship system as well as for NASA, which will use a lunar lander version of Starship for landing astronauts on the moon during the Artemis III mission through the Human Landing System (HLS) program." Key Starship Parameters: Height: 120m/394ft Diameter: 9m/29.5ft Payload to LEO: 100 – 150 t (fully reusable) Capabilities: Satellites: "Starship is designed to deliver satellites further and at a lower marginal cost per launch than our current Falcon vehicles. With a payload compartment larger than any fairing currently in operation or development, Starship creates possibilities for new missions, including space telescopes even larger than the James Webb." Raptor Engine Parameters: Diameter: 1.3m/4ft Height: 3.1m/10.2ft Thrust: 230tf/500 klbf Download the Free Starship User Guide (PDF): https://www.spacex.com/media/starship_users_guide_v1.pdf Credit: Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) Release Date: Nov. 18, 2023 #NASA #SpaceX #Space #Earth #Moon #ArtemisIII #Mars #Starship #SuperHeavyBooster #ElonMusk #GwynneShotwell #Science #SpaceTechnology #Engineering #HumanSpaceflight #CommercialSpace #Starbase #BocaChica #Texas #SolarSystem #SpaceExploration #UnitedStates #STEM #Education

The Woman Who Discovered a New Galaxy: In the world people talk about Muslim women and the Hijab, specifically in India. Here the answer.. Burcin Mutlu-Pakdil is a Turkish-American astrophysicist. She was born in Istanbul, Turkey, and is a Muslim. She received her Bachelor of Science degree in physics from Bilkent University in 2006. She then moved to the United States to pursue her graduate studies, earning her Master of Science degree in physics from Texas Tech University in 2008 and her Doctor of Philosophy degree in astronomy from the University of Minnesota in 2013. Mutlu-Pakdil's research focuses on the formation and evolution of galaxies. She uses large imaging surveys and tailored follow-up observations from large telescopes to discover and characterize the smallest and faintest galaxies in the universe. Her work has led to the discovery of several new galaxies, including Burcin's Galaxy, which is a rare example of a double-ringed elliptical galaxy. Mutlu-Pakdil is also a strong advocate for diversity and inclusion in science. She is a member of the American Astronomical Society's Committee on Women in Astronomy and the Association for Women in Science. She is also a co-founder of the Women in Physics and Astronomy (WIPA) program at Dartmouth College. Mutlu-Pakdil wears the hijab, which is a headscarf that covers the hair and neck. She has said that she wears the hijab because it is a part of her religious beliefs and that it makes her feel more comfortable and confident. She has also said that she does not believe that the hijab should prevent her from pursuing her dreams or from contributing to science. Mutlu-Pakdil's beliefs are centered around her faith in Islam. She believes that science and religion can coexist and that they can both provide insights into the world around us. She is also a strong advocate for education and believes that everyone should have the opportunity to learn and grow. She is the first Turkish woman to receive a PhD in astronomy from a US university. She is a co-author of the discovery paper for Burcin's Galaxy. Her research has been featured in several popular science magazines and websites, including Scientific American, The New York Times, and National Geographic. She is a TED Fellow and a recipient of the AAAS IF/THEN Ambassador Award. Mutlu-Pakdil is a role model for young women who are interested in science. She is an inspiration to many and her work is helping to break down barriers for women in STEM fields.