Kimek-Kıpçak Konfederasyonu Kimek ve Kıpçakların oluşturduğu bir Orta Çağ Türk devletidir. 9. yüzyılın sonlarından 13. yüzyılın başlarındaki Moğol istilasına dek hüküm sürmüştür...Orta Asya boyları Uygur Kağanlığı'nın 840'ta dağılmasının ardından kendilerini bağımsız buldular. Türki Eymür, Bayındır ve Şivey Tatar boylarının bazı bölümleri büyük Kimek boylarına katıldı.

Tatar boylarıda Kimek Konfederasyonu'nun üyeleriydi - bazıları zaten Kimek Hanlığı'nın ilk oluşumuna katılmıştı. Kıpçaklar kendi hanlıklarına sahip olmakla birlikte politik olarak Kimeklere bağlıydılar. Yönetici Kimek boyları çoğunlukla İrtiş kıyılarında yaşıyordu.

Kuman-Kıpçak ülkesi Deşt-i Kıpçak olarak adlandırılmaya başlandı. El-Biruni, Oğuzların Kimek ülkesindeki otlaklıkları oldukça sık kullandığını belirtti.

Kimek boylarının bazı klanları Hazar Denizi kıyıları boyunca oldukça sık hayvan yetiştiriciliği yapmaktaydı :"Şehnâme" bile bu Denizi "Kimek Denizi" olarak adlandırıyor.

10. yüzyılda Kimek-Kıpçakların esas batı komşuları, o zamanlar en batıdaki Kıpçak klanlarının çok yakın temaslarda bulunduğu Başkurtlardı.

Asya'nın kalbine hükmettiler, İpek Yolu'nun önemli bir merkezi bölümünü kontrol ettiler ve Çin'den İran'a ve Avrupa'ya kadar İskitler ve Moğollar gibi dünyayı etkilediler.

Kimek - kıpçak yönetimi tüm zamanların en büyük göçebe imparatorluklarından biri olarak görülebilir..

10. yüzyılda Kıpçaklar Kağanlık içinde bağımsız hale geldiler (eğer ilk etapta bağımlı iseler) ve batıya doğru göç etmeye başladılar. Kimek Kağanlığı'nın iktidarının zirvesi, 12. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Ilburi hükümdarlarının yönetimi altına girdi. 1183'te Kimekler Volga Bulgarları'na saldırdı ve 1152 ve 1197'de Harezm'i iki kez yağmaladılar.

Kağanlığın Yıkılışı

Kimek Kağanlığı, Tobol ve İrtiş nehirlerinden Hazar Denizi ve Seyhun'a kadar geniş bir bölgeyi hakimiyeti altına aldı.

Kimek Kağanlığı'nın kuzey sınırı Sibirya taygası, doğu sınırı Altay Dağları, güney sınırı ise cansız bozkır Bet Pak'tı. Doğal olarak onları düşmanlarından koruyan bu sınırlar sayesinde Kimekler çatışmasız hüküm sürdüler.

Komşuları Karluklar, Oğuzlar ve Kırgızlardı.

Kimekler, Kıpçaklar, Oğuzlar, Peçenekler, Ugorlar ve çok etnikli Kimek Kağanlığı'nın diğer halkları ve etnik grupları barış ve refah içinde yaşadılar.

Kimekler, Kıpçaklar, Peçenekler ve Oğuzlar batıya, Ural, Volga, Don ve Dinyepr'in ötesine göç ederek Doğu Avrupa'nın etnik haritasını değiştirdiler. Güney Karluklar, Karahanlı devletine katıldı.

Batı Sibirya'nın eski Volga Finleri ile birlikte İrtiş topraklarında önemli bir Kıpçak ve Kimek nüfusu kaldı.

Daha sonra Sibirya Tatarlarını ve diğer Türk halklarını oluşturdular. Batıda Kıpçaklar, daha önce Oğuzların baskısı altındaki Peçeneklerin ve daha sonra da Oğuzların Kimek ve Kıpçakların baskısı altında izledikleri yolu izlediler.

Volga, Don, Dinyester ve Dinyeper'i geçerek Tuna'ya ulaştılar.

Kıpçaklar, Peçenekler ve Oğuzların geride kalan nüfusu birleşti.

1054 yılı Rus vakayinameleri, Orta İrtiş ve Ob Kimekleri'in bir kolu olan Kıpçaklar tarafından itilen Oğuzların Kiev yakınlarında görüldüğünü kaydeder.

Hitay göçebeleri, İrtiş'in batısındaki Kimek ve Kıpçak topraklarını işgal etti. Kağanlık bundan sonra geriledi ve Kimekler muhtemelen zaman zaman Kırgız ve Kara-Hitay baskısına maruz kaldı.

11. – 12. yüzyıllarda Moğolca konuşan Nayman kabilesi, batıya doğru hareketinde Kimek-Kıpçakları Moğol Altayı ve Yukarı İrtiş'ten çıkardı.

13. yüzyılda Kimek Kağanlığı'nın geriye kalan toprakları Moğollar tarafından fethedildi ve toprakları Cuci Ulus'a verildi.

Moğolların kurduğu Kıpçak Hanlığı devletinde nüfusun önemli bir kısmı Kimek Kağanlığı topraklarındandı. Kimek lideri Baçman Han, Moğolların bölgeyi fethetmesinden sonra birkaç yıl boyunca direnişi sürdürdü.

Kıpçakların Oğuz topraklarını ele geçirmesi, onları eski Kimek-Kıpçak bölgesindeki en güçlü duruma getirmişti. Bu olaylar sırasında Kimekler sadece siyasi hakimiyetlerini kaybetmedi aynı zamanda Kıpçaklara tabi olmuşlardır.

Kimeklerin bir kısmı İrtiş’te kaldı, ikinci kısmı Orta Asya’da Türkistan bölgesine yerleşti. Üçüncü kısmı ise, Kıpçaklarla beraber batıya Güney Rus bozkırlarına doğru göç etti.

Kıpçaklar Kimek devletinin mirasçısı olmuştur.

Bilinen liderleri
Alip Kara Uran
Alip Derek
İnalçuk
Abarhan

YAZI NETTEN ALINTIDIR

Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler (trc. Ragıp Hulûsi), İstanbul 1927,

Faruk Sümer, “Kimek”, İA, VI,

Kumekov B. E. Gosudarstvo kimakov IKH-XIvv. po arabskim istoçnikam. Alma-Ata, 1972;

Golden P.B. Introduction to the History the Turkic Peoples. Wiesbaden, 1992;

The Venice of the Middle East: Iraq.

Floating Houses and the Story of Treasure in the Marshes Region Ahvar in southern Iraq; Ahvar is the region where communities called Ma’dan and Swamp Arabs live.

This region, which is said to date back 5 thousand years, is also known as the “Garden of Paradise”. The region, which is defined as the Venice of the Middle East, is the place referred to by some as the “Garden of Eden” in the Bible.

The architectural wonders of the floating houses in the region are called “Mudhif”.
However, the region has come to the point of extinction due to the political conflicts.

Located at the meeting point of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Marshes Region is the largest in the Middle East.
The floating houses, built on a platform without nails, boards and glass, are made of mud and reed.

This construction technique, which has been used for thousands of years by the people living in the region, is on the verge of extinction today.
The people in the region, which is in danger of extinction due to the drying policy, had to migrate.

❝Evime geri dönüp en büyük çadırı kuracağım ve Siyonistlerin karşısına geçip Filistin bayrağı açacağım.❞

İşgalci İsrail’in saldırıları nedeniyle Gazze’de yerinden edilen Filistinli kız Netanyahu’ya mesaj gönderdi.

❝I will go back to my house, set up the biggest tent and stand in front of the Zionists and raise the Palestinian flag.❞

The Palestinian girl, who was displaced in Gaza due to the attacks of the occupying Israel, sent a message to Netanyahu.

@arabsofcanada

#freepalestine #gaza #palestine #netanyahu

Here are some facts about the Moors in Europe: They ruled Spain and Portugal 754 years before the fall of the Mali Empire.

1. The Moors brought a wide variety of new fruits and vegetables to Europe.
The Moors brought many new fruits and vegetables to Spain and Europe that were considered exotic novelties at the time. These products included pomegranates, peaches, lemons, oranges, saffron, cotton, rice, silk, sugar cane, and a variety of other fruits and vegetables. Even though they are commonplace today, the Spanish at the time considered these objects to be almost alien. Several centuries later, they are still important components of Spanish food and production.

2. The Moors Developed Far More Rapidly Than Medieval Europe
The Arabs had an advanced civilization known for its architecture, science, mathematics, and exploration when they conquered the Iberian Peninsula. When the Moors arrived in Spain, they brought with them architectural innovations that astounded European stonemasons. The Alhambra, a fortress and palace complex in Granada, Spain, is one of the most stunning examples of Moorish architecture. Its construction started in 1238, and its grandeur and beauty far outstripped those of any comparable palace. It is still one of the palaces of the Islamic world that has been preserved the best today.

3. Chess Became Popular Across Europe Because of the Moors
Chess has been played for more than 1,500 years, but the Moors brought the game in its present form to Europe. The Moors brought chess to Spain after it had spread from India to the Arabic world. It spread through Europe's courts and society very quickly after it gained popularity. Chess was a well-liked game of strategy and endurance in medieval Spain. Chess was first mentioned in writing in Spain in the Catalan Testament in 1010 AD.

4. The Moors Took Their Hygiene Very Seriously.
A Moor, according to a catchphrase, "would rather go without bread than without soap." The Moors were known for their love of cleanliness. Due to their customs and the demands of their religion, the Moors valued cleanliness and often bathed; in the Moorish town of Cordoba, there were about 900 public baths. This made it possible to maintain proper hygiene at a time when plumbing and running water were still uncommon. Some sources also assert that the Moors introduced some kind of soap to Europe, ushering in a new era of hygiene.

5. The Moors Placed a High Value on Education
The Moors placed a high value on education and made sure that everyone in their realm had access to it. This was in stark contrast to medieval Europe, where education was only available to the richest nobles and clergy and where 90% of the populace was still illiterate. In fact, there have even been instances of European Kings who are illiterate. The Moors founded 17 prestigious universities in Spain, including ones in Cordoba, Malaga, Granada, Seville, Toledo, and Almeria.

6. Many Moorish Words Are Still Used Today in Spanish and English
The Moors introduced new ideas and words to Europe after they arrived, and these quickly assimilated into the common language. Up to 4,000 words in the Spanish language have Arabic roots, including algebra, checkmate, and influenza. Cipher, alcohol, chemistry, typhoon, orange, alkaline, cable, and nadir are additional examples.

7. The Moors Were Very Resourceful
The old Roman irrigation systems that the Moors discovered in Iberia had great potential, so they quickly adopted, improved, and revived them. This increased agricultural productivity and boosted the economy. Additionally, they were able to grow new crops they had brought, including figs, dates, apricots, lemons, and oranges. Thanks to the Moors' creative irrigation methods, Spain quickly rose to become one of Europe's top producers of crops.

8. The Moors brought significant Changes to Spanish Cuisine
For Europeans, spices were an uncommon commodity, and their cuisine was frequently regarded as bland. By bringing over hundreds of unusual spices, fresh recipes, and cutting-edge cooking techniques, the Moors altered that. We still eat a variety of wonderful dishes as a result of this culinary revolution. The spice markets of the Moors were renowned for their variety and provided options for chefs of all types. These medieval markets must have had the most amazing sights and smells.

Source: Solution Reporters

#solutionreporters
#moors
#spain
#portugal
#europe
#arab
#Mali

Cleopatra ascended the throne at the age of 17 and died at the age of 39. She spoke 9 languages. She knew the language of Ancient Egypt and had learned to read hieroglyphics, a unique case in her dynasty. Apart from this, she knew Greek and the languages ​​of the Parthians, Hebrews, Medes, Troglodytes, Syrians, Ethiopians, and Arabs.

With this knowledge, any book in the world was open to her. In addition to languages, she studied geography, history, astronomy, international diplomacy, mathematics, alchemy, medicine, zoology, economics, and other disciplines. She tried to access all the knowledge of her time.

Cleopatra spent a lot of time in a kind of ancient laboratory. She wrote some works related to herbs and cosmetics. Unfortunately, all her books were destroyed in the fire of the great Library of Alexandria in 391 AD. C. The famous physicist Galen studied her work, and was able to transcribe some of the recipes devised by Cleopatra.

One of these remedies, which Galen also recommended to her patients, was a special cream that could help bald men regain their hair. Cleopatra's books also included beauty tips, but none of them have come down to us.

The queen of Egypt was also interested in herbal healing, and thanks to her knowledge of languages, she had access to numerous papyri that are lost today. Her influence on the sciences and medicine was well known in the early centuries of Christianity. She, without a doubt, is a unique figure in the history of humanity.

Cleopatra ascended the throne at the age of 17 and died at the age of 39. She spoke 9 languages. She knew the language of Ancient Egypt and had learned to read hieroglyphics, a unique case in her dynasty. Apart from this, she knew Greek and the languages ​​of the Parthians, Hebrews, Medes, Troglodytes, Syrians, Ethiopians, and Arabs.
With this knowledge, any book in the world was open to her. In addition to languages, she studied geography, history, astronomy, international diplomacy, mathematics, alchemy, medicine, zoology, economics, and other disciplines. She tried to access all the knowledge of her time.
Cleopatra spent a lot of time in a kind of ancient laboratory. She wrote some works related to herbs and cosmetics. Unfortunately, all her books were destroyed in the fire of the great Library of Alexandria in 391 AD. C. The famous physicist Galen studied her work, and was able to transcribe some of the recipes devised by Cleopatra.
One of these remedies, which Galen also recommended to her patients, was a special cream that could help bald men regain their hair. Cleopatra's books also included beauty tips, but none of them have come down to us.
The queen of Egypt was also interested in herbal healing, and thanks to her knowledge of languages, she had access to numerous papyri that are lost today. Her influence on the sciences and medicine was well known in the early centuries of Christianity. She, without a doubt, is a unique figure in the history of humanity.

The Gallipoli conflict was a military campaign in the First World War that took place on Gallipoli peninsula, from 19 February 1915 to 9 January 1916. The Entente powers, Britain, France and the Russian Empire, sought to fully dismantle Ottoman Caliphate by taking over its capital city of Istanbul (Constantinople). The Allied forces-comprised of mega industrial empires such as Britain and Russia-expected a rather swift victory against the war-torn Ottoman state which lacked the manpower and technology.

To the surprise of the Allied, Ottoman state gave a phenomenal resistance during the entire conflict which lasted a little over 10 months. It is a fact that Allied command underestimated the courage of Ottoman Islamic military which included Muslim troops from various races like Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Balkans etc. When faced with an existential crisis, the entire Ottoman citizens and troops became united under the Islamic Flag of the Khilafah and to defend their homeland from the infidels. We should all be aware of this reality since many dirty Kemalist propogandists disguised under the profession of historians are trying to portray Gallipoli only as a "Turkish" victory which is a huge myth. In fact, around 30% of the entire Ottoman military conscripts were Arab Muslims who served the Islamic state with endless bravery and fought with distinction at all the military fronts in WW1.

The Ottoman forces foiled multiple organised attempts of the Allied navy to infiltrate through the Dardanelles using amphibious landings. In the process Ottomans gave 56,643 thousand martyrs and over 90,000 troops wounded. The Allied forces suffered over 56,000 casualties as well which shows the scale and intensity of the warfare experienced in the whole conflict. We present our Salute to Ottoman Ghazis and the Shahuda (Martyrs) who sacrificed their future for the safety of the Muslim Ummah. May Jenab e Haqq Allah Azzawajal illumine their graves and May they be admitted into Jannah ul Firdous in the neighbourhood of the King of all the Prophets, Sayyidina Muhammad ﷺ.

The Ottoman victory at Gallipoli represents the collective victory of Islamdom over the infidels of the Allied group. We all should remember this glorious triumph as a point of unity and strength irrespective of modern nationalities since the Faithful have an ancient union

I would also like to pay special tribute to Mehmed Esad Pasha Hazretleri who was the main Ottoman Commander in Gallipoli war and the mastermind behind the brilliant defense strategy employed by the Ottoman military. It is a pity that the credit for Gallipoli victory is falsely given to Kemal Pasha (later Atatürk) when in reality he was simply a junior officer and had no role in formulation of strategy. This is also another form of ridiculous Kemalist rewriting of history which needs to be refuted.

The glorious Ottoman victory in Gallipoli sent shock waves around Europe and Britain. The British leadership was faced with a huge crisis as they had never imagined such a defeat. So, after a bitter clash Winston Churchill was finally demoted from the position of First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the failure of Gallipoli expedition, Sir Ian Hamilton, commander of the MEF, was recalled to London in October 1915, which ended his military career. Opposition from New Zealand and Australia grew strongly due to them receiving highest casualties in Gallipoli conflict and thus this episode also paved the way for independence of New Zealand and Australia from the British Empire.

Main sources:

Ottoman Empire lecture series by Professor Kenneth W Harl (Phd historian from Yale university USA and an expert on Ottoman history)

Broadbent, Harvey (2005). Gallipoli: The Fatal Shore. Camberwell, VIC: Viking/Penguin.

Holmes, Richard, ed. (2001). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Al-Kindi was the first Muslim philosopher. Philo­sophical studies in the second/eighth century were in the hands of Christian Syriacs, who were primarily physicians. They started, through encourage­ment by the Caliph, to translate Greek writings into Arabic. Being the first Arab Muslim to study science and philosophy, al-Kindi was rightly called “the Philosopher of the Arabs.”

Kindah was one of the great Arab tribes before Islam. His grandfather al-Ash`ath ibn Qais adopted Islam and was considered one of the Companions (Sahabah) of the Prophet. Al-Ash`ath went with some of the pioneer Muslims to al-Kufah, where he and his descend­ants lived.

Al-Kufah and al-Basrah, in the second/eighth and third/ninth centuries, were the two rivalling centres of Islamic culture. Al-Kufah was more inclined to rational studies; and in this intellectual atmosphere, al-Kindi passed his early boyhood. He learnt the Qur'an by heart, the Arabic grammar, literature, and elementary arithmetic, all of which formed the curriculum for all Muslim children. He also studied Fiqh and the new-born discipline called Kalam. But it seems that he was more interested in sciences and philo­sophy, to which he consecrated the rest of his life, especially after he went to Baghdad.

It seems that al-Kindi learnt Greek, but certainly he mastered the Syriac language from which he translated several works. He also revised some of the Arabic translations, such as al-Himsi's translation of Plotinus' Enneads, which passed to the Arabs as one of the writings of Aristotle. Al-Qifti, the biographer, says that “al-Kindi translated many philosophical books, clarified their difficulties, and summarized their deep theories.”

Most of his numerous works (numbering about 270) are lost. Ibn al-Nadim and following him al-Qifti classified his writings, most of which are short treatises, into seventeen groups: (1) philosophical, (2) logical, (3) arithmetical, (4) globular, (5) musical, (6) astronomical, (7) geometrical, (8) spherical, (9), medical, (10) astrological, (11) dialectical, (12) psychological, (13) political, (14) causal (meteorological), (15) dimensional, (16) on first things, (17) on the species of some metals, chemicals, etc.
This account shows to what extent al-Kindi's knowledge was encyclopedic. Some of his scientific works were translated by Gerard of Cremona into Latin and influenced very much the thought of medieval Europe. Indeed, this conciliation remained for a long time the chief feature of this philosophy. Furthermore, al-Kindi, specializing in all the sciences known at his time - of which his writings give sufficient evidence - ­made philosophy a comprehensive study embracing all sciences.
Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Ibn Rushd were first scientists and then philosophers. Philosophy is the knowledge of truth. Muslim philosophers, like the Greek, believed that truth is something over and above experience; that it lies immutable and eternal in a supernatural world. The definition of philosophy in al-Kindi's treatise on “First Philosophy” runs like this: “Philosophy is the knowledge of the reality of things within man's possibility, because the philosopher's end in his theoretical knowledge is to gain truth and in his practical knowledge to behave in accordance with truth.”
At the end of the treatise, God is qualified by the term “truth,” which is the objective of philo­sophy. “The True One (al-Wahid al-Haq) is, then, the First, the Creator, the Sustainer of all that He has created. ...”

39 Arab Community and Non-Governmental Organizations issued a joint statement:

“Turkey has embraced the Arabs, hosted and embraced them without discrimination. Now is the time of loyalty. We are ready for all efforts to alleviate suffering.”

39 Arap Topluluğu ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu ortak bildiri yayınladı:

“Türkiye, Araplara kucak açtı, ayrım gözetmeksizin barındırıp kucakladı. Şimdi vefa zamanıdır. Acıların hafifletilmesi için tüm çalışmalara hazırız.”


39 Arab Community and Non-Governmental Organizations issued a joint statement:

“Turkey has embraced the Arabs, hosted and embraced them without discrimination. Now is the time of loyalty. We are ready for all efforts to alleviate suffering.”